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Research centres and international organizations have undertaken intensive activities to analyse the impact of innovation on countries’ production systems and its contribution to development, so as to derive policy recommendations, especially within the context of the 2030 Agenda.

Consequently, innovation has become a core aspect of development, like infrastructure and industrialization. Goal 9 of the 2030 Agenda on industry, innovation and infrastructure stipulates building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovation. Recently, innovation has become a principal aspect of development. Today, achieving a knowledge economy is a key objective for developing countries. At the turn of the century, the focus moved towards information and communication technology (ICT): making available the benefits of new technologies, especially ICT, was a clear target of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, target 8F).

Research and policy recommendations for development have long focused on technology transfer, especially for the purpose of industrialization. The quest for clean energy and greater energy efficiency now figures among the research priorities of numerous countries. Among higher income countries, a firm commitment to sustainable development is often coupled with the desire to maintain competitiveness in global markets that are increasingly leaning towards 'green' technologies. For many lower income countries, sustainable development has become an integral part of their national development plans for the next 10-20 years. This has led to a greater public commitment to research in many resource-rich countries. Resource-rich countries are incorporating science, technology and innovation in their national development agenda, to make their economies less reliant on fluctuating global markets for commodities and more rooted in knowledge. This first chapter of the book summarizes the report's main findings and concludes that countries of all income levels are in search of an effective growth strategy. This is one of the key messages of the UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, published in November 2016.

Despite the drop in public commitment to science in countries facing austerity budgets after 2008-2009, research spending grew faster worldwide between 20 than GDP, thanks largely to sustained investment in research by the business enterprise sector in developed countries.

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